Richard II

Richard II has been one of my favourite plays for more than fifty years – when I first heard Gielgud in the lead.  The reasons are set out in the note below, which I wrote more than ten years ago for a book on Shakespeare. 

After listening to the play for the nth time, I ordered a book The Reign of Richard II.  It is a collection of papers given at the University of York on subjects like A Personal Portrait, The Chivalry, His Sense of English History, and His Reputation.

Two things struck me about the papers.  First, many commentators, who are historians, felt happy about looking at the psychological or psychoanalytic aspects of this medieval king and evaluating the evidence and conclusions. 

Secondly, and much more remarkably, no one saw fit to mention how Shakespeare saw this character.  This unmatched genius could see inside us and our history, but no one at this conference thought Shakespeare was worth mentioning. 

What about Divine Right?  How do you square that with the barons putting their king under contract in 1215?  Were the references to Pilate and Judas justified?  What other aspects of the passion play do we have here?  Opinions may differ on whether Shakespeare painted Bolingbroke as shifty – I think he did – but is clear that Shakespeare saw this usurpation as an infection that would culminate in the Wars of the Roses.  Did Shakespeare get it right or was he just wrong?

This silence is at the university very odd.  But there is an upside.  Here is an extract of the psychoanalysis.

The most plausible way of reconciling the opposites in the king’s character is to see Richard’s character as essentially narcissistic – a condition in which only the person himself – his own body, his own needs and feelings – are experienced as fully real.   Generally, a narcissistic person achieves a sense of security in his own subjective conviction of his perfection.  This is a condition characteristic of rulers with a high sense of mission, and having an obsessive interest in the trappings of power.  Its sufferers have ‘an appetite for self-worship.’  It finally detaches its victims from reality so that they become cocooned from the outside world by groups of yes-men and by physical isolation, which was Richard’s eventual fate.  By the final years of his reign, there can be little doubt that Richard’s grasp on reality was becoming weaker.

The author of the paper from which that quote is taken went on to say that Richard was ‘vengeful’ and ‘reacted very badly and very aggressively, to any criticism made of him’.  ‘The general attitude [of low confidence] is…. domineering, attacking, hostile, blaming, mistrustful, status-seeking, and punitive.’

Well, we now have the AI model of that narcissist in Donald Trump.  One difference is that he would never abdicate.  Rather, he would not accept being deposed – even when done with due process of law.

Otherwise, as the book says, there is nothing new under the sun.  Which make the omission of reference to Shakespeare even more remarkable.

The play is called ‘The Tragedy of Richard II.’  It is certainly a tragedy, and it is in my view the most operatic play ever written.  Of course, Churchill reveled in it.  It is a rolling twenty-one-gun salute to the majesty of the English language and history.

(Set out below is my earlier note of more than ten years ago.  Since then, Opus Arte has released its version at the Globe, which is not as mangled as many are there now, and the RSC has released the version with David Tennant directed by Greg Doran.  Sadly, they sent Tennant out as a rampant hairy queen desperate to be debagged, and in so doing trashed the whole play.)

RICHARD II
AN EFFEMINATE ROYAL IN A PASSION PLAY

In this man’s reign began this fatal strife

The bloody argument whereof we treat
That dearly costs so many a prince’s life

And spoil’d the weak and ev’n consumed the great

(Daniel, Civil Wars)

Jussi Bjoerling is frequently said to have been the most popular tenor of the last century.  He had a clear, high, lyric tone that still sounds as pure as silver. (Caruso was more golden and chiaroscuro.)  Some have the same sensation listening to Richard II, of a clear, high lyric tone that sounds as pure as silver.

This play evokes our sense of opera in another way.  Most composers like to load up their operas with big arias for their big singers.  Puccini did it so that his guns could really unleash themselves in a way that highbrows think is shameless, but that the rest of us enjoy shamelessly.  A few people know Vissi d’Arte; many have heard Un Bel Di; but everyone knows Nessun Dorma.  

Shakespeare loaded this play up with set pieces for the big guns of the stage, so that listening to the recording featuring John Gielgud as Richard and Leo McKern as John of Gaunt has for some about the same impact as coming to terms with an ’86 Grange.

Richard was the last of the Plantagenets.  He took by succession and Divine Right.  His misrule and weakness led to his being deposed, and so to generations of civil strife.
A medieval king was the fountain of justice.  At the beginning of this play, this King breaches his obligations in that position fundamentally– twice.

The King failed to follow the established legal process to rule on a dispute between two of his barons.  They were entitled to and did seek under the common law of England trial by battle of the issue between them.  One of the parties, Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV, says:

Look what I speak, my life shall prove it true. (1.1.87)
He has another charge:
… and I will in battle prove. (1.1.92)

The second charge related to the murder of a duke. This was a sensitive charge since the King, the judge if you like, had given orders for the murder.  Well, for whatever reason, Richard intervened after a massive display of chivalry, and stopped the combat, a form of judicial duel.  He banished both of the litigants, but Bolingbroke and his family for a lesser time.  The King had therefore made enemies of two families by interfering with the due process of the law.  Bolingbroke laments his exile:

How long a time lies in one little word.
Four lagging winters and four wanton springs
End in a word – such is the breath of kings.
 (1.3.212-214)

As the second scene of the play shows, the supporters of the King include those who are under a duty to avenge the death of the murdered duke.  How do you fight a judicial duel with the substitute of God?  How can the King try a case that involves one of his political assassinations?

The second mistake of Richard was to confiscate the property that had belonged to the father of Bolingbroke, John of Gaunt, after his death.  This was illegal.  (Richard needed funds for a foreign war – this has long been an incentive to illegality.)  In doing this, Richard was breaking the laws of inheritance– but these laws are the source of his own title.  York says just this:

Take Hereford’s rights away, and take from time
His charters and his customary rights,
Let not tomorrow then ensue today;
Be not thyself. For how art thou not a King
But by fair sequence and succession. 
(2.1.195-199)

As a result of these two great fallings off by the King, Bolingbroke returns to England.  He says he does so just to claim his own private rights and not to claim the crown, but Bolingbroke– who does not show us his mind by a soliloquy– is as evasive about his intention as a modern politician is when thinking of challenging for the leadership of the party. After he had become King, he was to say:

Though then, God knows, I had no such intent

But that necessity so bowed the state,
That I and greatness were compelled to kiss.
 (2 Henry IV, 3.1.72-74)
From the time when Richard returns to Ireland, it is all downhill. As Tony Tanner remarked:
Perhaps … he can already see the writing on the wall; but to a certain, quite distinct extent, he himself is doing the writing.

Here is some of the high poetry of this failed king.
… I weep for joy
To stand upon my kingdom once again.
Dear earth, I do salute thee with my hand;
Though rebels wound thee with their horses’ hoofs.
 (3.2.4-7)

So when this thief, this traitor, Bolingbroke,
Who all this while hath revelled in the night
Whilst we were wand’ring with the Antipodes
Shall see us rising in our throne, the east,
His treasons will sit blushing in his face,
Not able to endure the sight of day,
But self-affrighted tremble at his sin.
Not all the water in the rough rude sea
Can wash the balm off from an anointed king;
The breath of worldly men cannot depose
The deputy elected by the Lord.
For every man that Bolingbroke hath pressed
To shift shrewd steel against our golden crown,
God for his Richard hath in heavenly pay
A glorious angel; then, if angels fight,
Weak men must fall, for Heaven still guards the right.
 (3.2.47-62)

 No matter where– of comfort no man speaks.
Let’s talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs.
Make dust our paper, and with rainy eyes
Write sorrow in the bosom of the earth.
Let’s choose executors and talk of wills:
And yet not so, for what can be bequeath
Save our deposèd bodies to the ground?
Our lands, our lives, and all are Bolingbroke’s;
And nothing can we call our own, but death
And that small model of the barren earth
Which serves as paste and cover to our bones.
For God’s sake let us sit upon the ground
And tell sad stories of the death of kings:
How some have been deposed, some slain in war,
Some haunted by the ghosts they have deposed;
Some poisoned by their wives, some sleeping killed
All murdered – for within the hollow crown
That rounds the mortal temples of a king
Keep Death his court, and there the antic sits,
Scoffing his state and grinning at his pomp
Allowing him a breath, a little scene,
To monarchise, be feared, and kill with looks
Infusing him with self and vain conceit
As if this flesh that walls about our life
Were brass impregnable;, and, humoured thus,
Comes at the last, and with a little pin
Bores through his castle wall, and farewell King!
 (3.2.144-170)

He is very up and down. He rallies and then he falls.  Here is a rally:
Yet know, my master, God omnipotent,
Is mustering in his clouds on our behalf
Armies of pestilence, and they shall strike
Your children yet unborn and unbegot
That lift your vassal hands against my head,
And threat the glory of my precious Crown.
Tell Bolingbroke– for yon methinks he stands –
That every stride he takes upon my land
Is dangerous treason.  He has come to open
The purple testament of bleeding war …
 (3.3.84-93)

But he gives in. Here is a real down.
What must the King do now? Must he submit?
The King shall do it. Must he be deposed?
The King shall be contented. Must he lose
The name of King? A God’s name, let it go.
I’ll give my jewels for a set of beads;
My gorgeous palace for a hermitage;
My gay apparel for an almsman’s gown;
My figured goblets for a dish of wood;
My sceptre for a palmer’s walking staff;
My subjects for a pair of carved saints;
And my large kingdom for a little grave,
A little, little grave, an obscure grave …
 (3.3.142-153)

Has the theatre – the theatre– ever known language of such silver grace?  When in Act 4, Richard formally surrenders the Crown, his disillusion takes him to a different tone.

Now, mark me how I will undo myself.
I give this heavy weight from off my head,
And this unwieldy sceptre from my hand,
The pride of kingly sway from out my heart;
With mine own tears I wash away my balm,
With my own hands I give away my crown,
With my own tongue deny my sacred state,
With mine own breath release all duteous oaths;
All pomp and majesty I do forswear …
 (4.1.202-210)

He calls for a mirror:
… Was this the face
That, like the sun, did make beholders wink?
Was this the face that faced so many follies,
And was at last outfaced by Bolingbroke?
A brittle glory shineth in this face,
As brittle as the glory is the face,

[Throws glass down]
For there it is, cracked in a hundred shivers.
Mark, silent King, the moral of this sport:
How soon my sorrow hath destroyed my face.
 (4.1.283-290)

Richard, the actor, starts to comment on his own performance:
… Say that again.
‘The shadow of my sorrow’? Ha, let’s see.
‘Tis very true, my grief lies all within …
 (4.1.292-294)

Richard is now the very picture of self-centred self-pity, but his subsequent murder haunts Henry IV and the nation as a whole for the rest of this series of plays.

It is not surprising that Elizabeth did not like this play being performed.  Dethroning a king is a not a good precedent. (Verdi had to convert the murdered king of The Masked Ball to a Governor of Boston to get it performed.)  Medieval kings were the Lord’s Anointed, and it was almost inevitable that Richard would see himself as some Christ-like figure betrayed by Judas and arraigned by Pilate.  Indeed, some see in this play Richard enduring the Stations of the Cross.

He loses it completely, as we now say, at times, as shown by his shift in pronouns in:
I had forgot myself: am I not King?
Awake, thou coward majesty! Thou sleepest.
Is not the King’s name twenty thousand names?
Arm my name!  A puny subject strikes
At thy great glory.  Look not to the ground,
Ye favourites of a king, are we not high?
High be our thoughts. 
(3.2.83-9)

Bolingbroke has shown his intention to take control by executing his opponents before he was crowned. He said that ‘to wash your blood / From off my hands’ (3.1.5-7) he will say why they die. Richard refers to:

… some of you, with Pilate, wash your hands. (4.1.238)

And right at the end, Bolingbroke, now the King, says:
I’ll make a voyage to the Holy Land,
To wash this blood from off my guilty hand.
 (5.6.49-50)

Going on a Crusade was a way of doing penance and getting remission from sins for those who subscribed to the medieval church, which was everyone in the Middle Ages.  This was all still real to Elizabethan audiences.  For us, Richard is a shallow man not up to his job – 10 for noblesse; 0 for oblige.  Richard had a weak, effeminate, showman side.  Coleridge said Shakespeare did not mean to represent Richard as ‘a vulgar debauchee, but merely as a wantonness in feminine shew, feminine friendism, intensely woman-like love of those immediately about him, mistaking the delight of being loved by him for love for him.’

Coleridge also said that Richard endeavoured to ‘shelter himself from that which is around him by a cloud of his own thoughts’ and went on:

Throughout his whole career may be noticed the most rapid transitions – from the highest insolence to the lowest humility – from hope to despair, from the extravagance of love to the agonies of resentment, and from pretended resignation to the bitterest reproaches.  The whole is joined with the utmost richness and copiousness of thought, and were there an actor capable of representing Richard, the part would delight us more than any other of Shakespeare’s masterpieces – with perhaps, the single exception of King Lear.

We may agree with Coleridge, especially since we found the actor capable of representing Richard.  For people who love language and care for history, Richard II is the play. The best way to take this play is with the Gielgud recording.  Derek Jacobi did not under-camp the role in the BBC production.

We should not leave this play without referring to some of its most famous lines:
This royal throne of kings, this scept’red isle,
This earth of majesty, the seat of Mars,
This other Eden, demi-paradise
This fortress built by nature for herself
Against infection and the hand of war,
This happy breed of men, this little world,
This precious stone set in the silver sea
Which serves it in the office of a wall,
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happy lands,
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England, This nurse, this teaming womb of royal kings …
 (2.1.40 – 51)

It is by such things that nations are formed and history is made. The author has as good a title as any to be called the greatest historian of his own nation.

Passing Bull 400 – A president on causation

We are back in familiar territory.  Is it possible for Donald Trump to get any worse, or to sink even lower? 

If an English, Canadian or Australian prime minister responded to a national tragedy in the way that Trump just did, he or she would be run out of town – it was so gross and offensive and bigoted and stupid and cruel that the culprit could not survive politically. 

What is it about the United States that allows a president to get away with being so utterly unpresidential?  Why do Americans tolerate what no other civilized nation would tolerate?

For reasons I can understand, U S psychiatrists agreed not to debate the mental health of the most powerful man on the planet.  But you do not need medical training to see that this man’s ego is so dominant, that there is little or no room for compassion, or even feelings, for others – or even conscience.  Trump would not know the meaning of the word ‘empathy.’  We should not be bullied or conned from stating the obvious.  This conduct of Trump was an affront to humanity at large.

Trump is in it for Trump – and those who toe his line.  He is not in it for all Americans.  If you are a grieving parent or child in Wichita, but a Democrat – bad luck.  You picked the wrong horse, and you are a loser.  You are in truth the enemy.

A two-party system cannot survive that moral blindness.  In thirty years of hearing cases against the government, I endeavored to recall the maxim that the most important person in the room was the loser – and that I at least had to try to be fair to both sides – even the bloody government!  Sane politicians recognize just that on election night.  Not Trump.

And now we have a new justification for bigotry against people who do not conform – ‘common sense’.  Why not?  It is a perfectly natural reaction to seek scapegoats.  It all started with Eve and the snake, and neither has had a good press since.  Just ask people of colour or queers or migrants or religious minorities.  Or cripples.

But we have a justified hope that people in high office can rise above the gutter – not least when the prejudice is magnified by the complete absence of evidence to support the abuse of the chosen culprit.

Trump is now boasting about how much time he gives the press.  This is because he loves the sound of his own voice.  He embodies the insight of Blaise Pascal:

I have discovered that all the unhappiness of men arises from one single fact, that they cannot stay quietly in their own chamber. 

Trump was followed by two toadies whose own position is so precarious that they must just play follow the leader at all costs – Hegseth and Vance.  They both saluted – dutifully and mindlessly – and revoltingly.  As if in a cabinet presided over by Kim Jong Un – just as it was in 2016.  (Do you remember Kim?  The mad murderer that Trump ‘fell in love’ with – probably just to spite the other murderer Trump admires, Vladimir Putin.)

Go back over a century or so and ask when a government succeeded by being presided over by a greedy illiterate convict surrounded by mindless and gutless sycophants.

It passes all understanding that a nation like the United States could have sunk so low, so fast. 

And there are worrying symptoms that the disease may spread – even to our shores.  We should therefore watch out for people – yes, especially men – who have an affinity for authority, division, and conflict, and who come from an area on the fringe that specialises in festering chips on the shoulder.

Shame on all lawyers

The Age today has the following.

Celebrity cavoodle defamation case triggers dramatic legal falling out

It all started with a cavoodle named Oscar.

Oscar is a very special boy, a “celebrity dog” worth an estimated $20,000 with his own Instagram account, and an unfortunate knack of kicking off protracted legal disputes involving his paw owners.

In 2021, a custody battle over Oscar between Sydney barrister Gina Edwards and her former friend Mark Gillespie led to a series of stories on Nine’s A Current Affair. Last year, Edwards successfully sued Nine, owner of this masthead, for defamation, with Federal Court judge Michael Wigney ruling that the stories had depicted her as a “dog thief”.

Nine was ordered to pay Edwards $150,000 in damages, plus her legal costs, around $1.2 million all up. But the costs issue has become the source of a spectacular falling out between Edwards and her lawyers Giles George, run by top defamation solicitor Rebekah Giles.

A Federal Court hearing on Thursday, which should’ve been an administrative post mortem to resolve costs issues arising from Edwards’ case against Nine, became the scene of a whole new legal dogfight, as the plaintiff, representing herself, took on her former lawyers.

Edwards has complained to the Law Society of NSW, alleging that Giles George didn’t follow legal professional rules in relation to their costs agreement.  An additional complaint to the Office of the NSW Legal Services Commissioner about Giles George was closed on receipt. Meanwhile, Edwards told the court on Thursday that the firm, known for its PR-forward approach to client representation, had billed her for briefing journalists about the case.

Giles George, meanwhile, is seeking to intervene in the all-but-concluded defamation case, arguing that Edwards’ costs should be paid by Nine to the court directly, rather than their former client. Giles declined to comment, although it’s understood she denies Edwards’ allegations.

The costs spat between Giles George and Edwards is set to continue in March.

Spare a thought for poor Oscar, who probably has no idea the amount of drama he’s caused.

All lawyers should be ashamed.  A petty tiff over a petty insult, if litigated at all, should be determined in a morning by a magistrate with no prior hearings, pleadings, or witness statements.  Damages could in fact capped at say, $20,000, and costs at, say, $5000.  That would still make any such action at best problematic, but damages at about twice the level of average earnings for such a trifle are absurd, and costs of $1,000,000 are obscene.

All we lawyers should therefore be ashamed.  The word ‘squalor’ is inadequate.  Jack Cade may have had the answer.

Erotic Vagrancy

This is the title of a book about Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton.  The title is curious but apt.  A vagrant is someone who has no settled home or job.  Erotic is, well, erotic.  The author, Roger Lewis, adopts a stream of consciousness approach to a subject on which it is impossible to say something new. 

Like most contemporary biography, it is far, far too long.  I started skimming early, and tossed the towel in half way through. 

Each subject was deeply troubled, insecure, and unhappy.  The catalogue of misery just wears you down.  For example, any luster of a list of the ‘conquests’ of Burton is shattered by the disclosure that he liked one to keep on her school uniform during the consummation so devoutly to be desired.  It is about then that you may feel like a Peeping Tom.  (Some readers may be relieved to hear that Julie Andrews is specifically ruled out, although the author in an aside says that when in Camelot, she sings of the ‘simple joys of maidenhood’, ‘there’s absolutely no randy undercurrent or subtext.’  Keep the faith, Julie – and keep handy that big, cold spoon.)

Burton had that wonderful voice and he could act.  I cannot recall much discussion in the book of Taylor as an actor.  She was made for the screen – he for the stage.  It looks to me that he never forgave himself for giving up the stage for the movies – and the money. 

His alcoholism was on a par with that of the contemporary Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas.  (His death certificate referred to ‘insult to the brain.’  He redefined alcoholism by ordering a beer spider for breakfast.) 

It is amazing Burton lived until fifty-eight.  Taylor seemed to be in love with illness and had no conception of a home – none of her many pets was toilet trained.  They both had a Wagnerian conception that the world owed them a living because of the gifts they bestowed on it.  They got fabulously rich and viciously unhappy.

As they plough their way through betrayal after betrayal, you may get the impression that they deserve each other, and feed off the weaknesses of each other – just like Antony and Cleopatra (especially as played by Ciaran Hinds and Estelle Kohler)But you are left wondering whether anyone in that cesspit ever manages to find contentment.

Mr Lewis certainly knows all about the movies – most of which look to be catalogued and noted helter-skelter in full Joyce-like waterfalls.  But you have to wonder about ‘a prize-winning student of St Andrews University and Magdalen College, Oxford’ who can say – apparently with a straight face:

And they were similar in another way, too – as spoilt children.  Shakespeare’s Antony is an ‘old ruffian’, a version of Falstaff; Burton’s is the needy lost boy Taylor described…

And Don Quixote stood for Spanish sanity, and Leopold Bloom for Irish social security.

The cover of the paperback is covered with the usual deceitful blurbs that demean the club and the house that publish them.

When was the last time you watched Cleopatra or Camelot?

Erotic Vagrancy

This is the title of a book about Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton.  The title is curious but apt.  A vagrant is someone who has no settled home or job.  Erotic is, well, erotic.  The author, Roger Lewis, adopts a stream of consciousness approach to a subject on which it is impossible to say something new. 

Like most contemporary biography, it is far, far too long.  I started skimming early, and tossed the towel in half way through. 

Each subject was deeply troubled, insecure, and unhappy.  The catalogue of misery just wears you down.  For example, any luster of a list of the ‘conquests’ of Burton is shattered by the disclosure that he liked one to keep on her school uniform during the consummation so devoutly to be desired.  It is about then that you may feel like a Peeping Tom.  (Some readers may be relieved to hear that Julie Andrews is specifically ruled out, although the author in an aside says that when in Camelot, she sings of the ‘simple joys of maidenhood’, ‘there’s absolutely no randy undercurrent or subtext.’  Keep the faith, Julie – and keep handy that big, cold spoon.)

Burton had that wonderful voice and he could act.  I cannot recall much discussion in the book of Taylor as an actor.  She was made for the screen – he for the stage.  It looks to me that he never forgave himself for giving up the stage for the movies – and the money. 

His alcoholism was on a par with that of the contemporary Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas.  (His death certificate referred to ‘insult to the brain.’  He redefined alcoholism by ordering a beer spider for breakfast.) 

It is amazing Burton lived until fifty-eight.  Taylor seemed to be in love with illness and had no conception of a home – none of her many pets was toilet trained.  They both had a Wagnerian conception that the world owed them a living because of the gifts they bestowed on it.  They got fabulously rich and viciously unhappy.

As they plough their way through betrayal after betrayal, you may get the impression that they deserve each other, and feed off the weaknesses of each other – just like Antony and Cleopatra (especially as played by Ciaran Hinds and Estelle Kohler)But you are left wondering whether anyone in that cesspit ever manages to find contentment.

Mr Lewis certainly knows all about the movies – most of which look to be catalogued and noted helter-skelter in full Joyce-like waterfalls.  But you have to wonder about ‘a prize-winning student of St Andrews University and Magdalen College, Oxford’ who can say – apparently with a straight face:

And they were similar in another way, too – as spoilt children.  Shakespeare’s Antony is an ‘old ruffian’, a version of Falstaff; Burton’s is the needy lost boy Taylor described…

And Don Quixote stood for Spanish sanity, and Leopold Bloom for Irish social security.

The cover of the paperback is covered with the usual deceitful blurbs that demean the club and the house that publish them.

When was the last time you watched Cleopatra or Camelot?

Nolan’s Africa

About twenty or so years ago, a colleague, a graduate of Cambridge who lives and practises here, gave me a mild remonstrance, to use an English term, for describing an AO opera as ‘world class’.  She said that sort of cringe had gone out with Gough, and that we were more than capable of standing on our own two feet without looking over our shoulder at what was happening in Europe or the U S. 

She was dead right.  We had shed the cringe – at least in that weasel world of ‘culture.’ 

And in some areas of art and literature, only Australians could serve our felt needs.  Obvious examples are Arthur Boyd, Tim Winton, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, and Patrick White.  (The drama inherent in high level sport is on a different plane.  Names like Bradman, Landy, Barassi, Peter Thompson and Freeman are in another world.  And here, we like to show our colours.)

My ruthlessly cut-back library is full of art books – mostly on Australian art.  They are there und used mainly for the artwork, and not the commentary.  Talking about art, someone said, is like dancing about architecture.  Ultimately you are faced with the premise that there is something that can be analysed logically.  Why?  Would it make sense to ask the creators of the Pieta or Eroica or Ode to a Nightingale what they meant?   Would we not insult the artist or demean ourselves? 

OK – I have got some help in following Turner, Janacek, Louis Armstrong, and Benjamin Britten from reading about them.  I have also derived pleasure and insight from three or so contributors to the oceans of print on Shakespeare – which I have added to – but it is a long time between drinks.

One exception is the just published Nolan’s Africa by Andrew Turley.  It is an outstanding account of Nolan’s work in Africa, and of his motivation and technique in general.  The depth of scholarship and research is obvious and the photographic sources are in my view essential to the contemporary Australian home.

Nolan brushes up well in a suit.  He looks like the young headmaster of a progressive school.  He occupied a difficult position in Oz – like Patrick White with whom he fell out venomously – a supreme intellect and the capacity to hand it out in spades.  Those people make Oz voters worried.  They like their politicians to stay well within the mediocre – and they get what they want.  Barry Humphries and our great cartoonists are rare exceptions.

And then we can get snaky with those who succeed overseas.  Kenneth Clark, the prince of snobs, stirred up the green eyes of the also rans back home by referring to the ‘reckless innocence’ of a ‘genius.’

And the artists don’t come from the Murdoch side of politics.  We get this from the author on the last page.

Today the themes of the African paintings resonate: genocide, dehumanisation of the poor, racial disenfranchisement, the decline of the West, nationalism, and a political shift to the Right, while nature, the environment and our own existence are threatened by escalating changes in climate and biodiversity.

Nearly forty years ago, Nolan said:

I am beginning to see how the imbalance in the spread of the earth’s resources causes famine and war and see the planet poised in a kind of mutually assured destruction.  This madness must be so frightening to the young.

The great painter Sydney Nolan was, therefore, what we used to call a humanist.  He was a man who could go from painting the evil of Auschwitz to the screaming agony of shot game at Serengeti.

About fifty years ago as a fledgling barrister, I acquired my first Nolan work on paper for what was then the huge price of $350 – Burke on a camel.  Three days later, Robert Hughes on ABC TV, said that Nolan had become a ‘sausage grinder.’  That stung.  Was Burke sitting a bit oddly on that bloody camel?

But I now know[GG1]  that the journalistic barb was unwarranted then, and completely unfounded now.  I say that not because I am fortunate in what I hold, but because for what it is worth, in my view, Nolan and Emily are the two greatest painters that this nation has produced – by the length of the bloody straight at Flemington.

In th result, I would change the remarks I made about Nolan in my Curated Library books.

The Introduction to this luxuriant tome by Edward Capon verges on hagiography, but the following makes sense to me.

‘Nolan is the best known, the most familiar, name in the history of modern Australian art….And yet he remains something of an enigma….Nolan introduced the human drama into the hitherto unpopulated but defining image of the Australian landscape.  Much as he used the Australian landscape as the setting for his explorations and excursions into the human condition, it was not that natural landscape, but the human landscape that drove and sustained his curiosity and imagination….I always sensed with Sid and his restless pace and curiosity that fear of stillness and contemplation….He was a restless soul who tended to believe in the ultimate transience of all things which left, inevitably, the void of melancholy in its wake.  It is a condition that is powerfully demonstrated in his work.’

That sounds about right. That is a little unnerving.  The French philosopher Blaise Pascal memorably said that, ‘All of humanity’s problems stem from man’s inability to sit quietly in a room alone.’  

If you ask most Australians who was our greatest artist, the answer would probably be Nolan.  But if you asked artists who was our greatest painter, the answer might well be one of two artists dealt with in this series – Williams or Boyd (the latter in this volume). 

But let’s leave all that grandstanding to God and the successors to Mr Capon.  Nolan exploded like a flare over a very bleak horizon, and he was one of those champions who helped us shake off that ghastly cringe of ours. 

And as one relieved soldier in Hamlet said, ‘For this relief, much thanks.’


 [GG1]

Passing Bull 399 – NYT letter

On page one of The Black Book of Communism, we read: ‘The United States remains heavily influenced by a culture of violence deeply rooted in two major historical tragedies – the enslavement of black Africans and the extermination of Native Americans.’

The first function of government is to preserve the peace.  The founders knew this.  Put to one side the Declaration’s remark about all men being created equal – as banal as ‘Man is born free’ – and focus on the law in the Constitution.  Its stated purpose is ‘to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquillity…. and general Welfare’. 

The U S has not been able to contain its inherited culture of violence.  We cannot speak of tranquillity when every school is a potential killing ground.  In a real sense, the United States is a failed state.

And the main culprits are the Supreme Court justices, who preach about the primacy of life and sanction the execution of prisoners. 

‘Where be your gibes now? …. Not one now to mock your own grinning?’

Yours truly

Best wishes for Christmas and the New Year

The Men Who Killed the News

This book by Eric Beecher is long -or it seems long – and it may not tell us much that is new – but we should read it.  I may have missed it, but the subtitle could be the aphorism ‘Power without responsibility – the prerogative of the harlot through the ages.’

We get all the moguls.  They are devoid or style and humanity.  They are in it for power – bought with money.  The main villain is of course Rupert Murdoch – and the book makes it clear that he could not give a bugger. 

It also makes it clear that things could get worse under the presently nominated successor, Lachlan Murdoch.  If his action against Crikey is any indication, Lachlan has no judgment at all.  In a lifetime in the law, much of it involving the press, I have never seen anything like it.

His sad case raises another point.  None of these moguls shows any sign of contentment.  If life involves the pursuit of happiness, each is a pathetic failure.  And that goes for those who kowtow to them.  I have no idea what it may have been like to work in an Ottoman harem, or Oriental knock shop under the Red Guards, but that is how the well-paid tributaries of Rupert and Sons look to me. 

Rupert is just frankly vicious.  He knows no other way.  And he doesn’t even look like leaving us soon.  He may have time to claim the record of Henry VIII as a retail terminator of his wives – although not even Harry – what an awful rock to build a church on – could do so by email.  When Rupert goes, there will be a massive funeral, but not one mourner.  The damage he has wrought to the governance of Australia and the U S is beyond assessment.

As is the damage he has done to the profession of journalism – that he has devoted his life to perverting.  People in a profession do so as a vocation that serves a public purpose.  The public need for the functions of journalists is as clear as that for doctors and lawyers.  All of them have to put food on the table, but when money becomes paramount, as it does in the Murdoch world, professionalism goes clean out the window, and you are left with tits, lies, and downright hit jobs.

One chapter is called ‘Give ‘em what they want.’  There is a remarkable resemblance between the moguls and people like Trump, Boris, Farage, and now Musk.  They know how to fish the gutter – the contents of which they regard with contempt.  And the people so hooked think it is Christmas – so that the working people of the U S thought they may be better off under a government of billionaire egomaniacs.

All this is so cold that Michael Corleone could have blushed when he replayed the primal sin of murdering a brother.  Rupert sacked the guy who published the Hitler diaries after he, Rupert, had personally ordered their publication – the sort of thing Hitler avoided – and as the truth came out, said ‘nothing ventured, nothing gained – after all, we are in the entertainment business.’  (The German victim at Stern said ‘I couldn’t believe that anyone would have gone to the trouble of forging something so banal.’  That brought to mind Hannah Arendt, and my reaction to scammers posing as bankers – they were so banal, they had to be real.)

And when Rupert said ‘this is the most humble day of my life’, he butchered the language, but he was humiliated because he was caught with his hands in the till.  As was everyone at Fox when they were caught despising Trump.

And in the course of my legal practice, I have seen with my own eyes people very high up in the Melbourne community quail at the prospect of Rupert coming after them.

Mr Beecher quotes a remark of Edmund Burke I could not recall- ‘the world is governed by go-betweens’.  That is so true – and so many wheedling ratbags.  And the press is forever in danger of joining the swill.  It is very sad, because public trust is evaporating in almost every aspect of our communal life. 

Possibly the most potent quote comes at the start – from Janet Malcolm, who is about as respectable as you can get on this subject.

Every journalist who is not too stupid or too full of himself to notice what is going on knows what he is doing is morally indefensible.  He is a kind of confidence man, preying on people’s vanity, ignorance or loneliness, gaining their trust, and betraying them without remorse. 

Mr Beecham says: Journalism is by nature an exercise in manipulation. 

Well, so in some ways are those who practise medicine or the law.  But the problem for journalists is that they have to spend so much time in dealing with people in politicsor business who are on the make.  And manipulators work on manipulators and whole industries evolve to murder the very idea of truth and to salute evasion.  And they do for lucre, the potential pollutant of every profession.

And then along came AI.  Can anyone trust anyone now?  Mr Beecher concludes by saying that ‘he never imagined that the intervention of machines, controlled by another group of human beings behaving badly, could usurp the moguls and make things worse.’

Perhaps I should insert a form of disclaimer.  In my time in the law I acted for and against the press and have a settled view on where the power lies, but in dealing with journalists on a daily basis about issues I was involved in, I had hardly ever any complaint about dealing with them in confidence.  Which is more than I could say for my lot.

Finally.  I have very much enjoyed many summer schools at Oxford and Cambridge, but those drongoes at Oxford who established the Rupert Murdoch Chair in Communications should be utterly ashamed of themselves.  Alan Bennett said: ‘If the University thinks it’s appropriate to take Rupert Murdoch’s money, perhaps they ought to approach Saddam Hussein to found a chair in peace studies.’ 

Or they could cross the channel to see the sluts in white boots at Pigalle.

Passing Bull 398 – Bullshit in the Law

The head of KPMG Law’s government practice has joined Holding Redlich, as the mid-tier firm seeks to capitalise on a shake-up of the public sector legal market.

After firms were excluded from parts of the Commonwealth legal services panel, the historically Labor-aligned outfit says it is well-positioned to take advantage and expects to hire a swag of government partners from rival firms.

Philip Jones-Hope says government clients are looking for trusted advisers, not salespeople.  

Philip Jones-Hope, who will bring a team of lawyers from the consultancy’s now-defunct legal offering, is the most recent hire as part of Holding Redlich’s plan to achieve growth through specialisation after an unsuccessful effort to expand into broader corporate practice areas.

Mr Jones-Hope told The Australian Financial Review the government’s post-PwC focus on external spending had flowed across to law firms and national firms with “a good story to tell” were best placed to take advantage.

“The refresh of the panel was very much consistent with the narrative from the government. There was a high concentration of services in the top end of town, and there was a willingness and appetite from the government to get value for money.

“Firms that have a good [public sector] pedigree, a good story to tell in terms of pro bono work and culture, and represent value for money – that’s the focus of the refresh of the panel, particularly when you look at some of the areas top-tier firms aren’t represented in,” he said.

Corrs Chambers Westgarth, King & Wood Mallesons and Minter Ellison were all excluded from the panel to varying degrees in August, in a change that has triggered movement among government specialists across firms.

Holding Redlich was appointed to all divisions of the panel.

Your taxes at work – for those who have a good story to tell.  “Baa, baa black sheep….’.

Passing Bull 398 – Bullshit in the Law

The head of KPMG Law’s government practice has joined Holding Redlich, as the mid-tier firm seeks to capitalise on a shake-up of the public sector legal market.

After firms were excluded from parts of the Commonwealth legal services panel, the historically Labor-aligned outfit says it is well-positioned to take advantage and expects to hire a swag of government partners from rival firms.

Philip Jones-Hope says government clients are looking for trusted advisers, not salespeople.  

Philip Jones-Hope, who will bring a team of lawyers from the consultancy’s now-defunct legal offering, is the most recent hire as part of Holding Redlich’s plan to achieve growth through specialisation after an unsuccessful effort to expand into broader corporate practice areas.

Mr Jones-Hope told The Australian Financial Review the government’s post-PwC focus on external spending had flowed across to law firms and national firms with “a good story to tell” were best placed to take advantage.

“The refresh of the panel was very much consistent with the narrative from the government. There was a high concentration of services in the top end of town, and there was a willingness and appetite from the government to get value for money.

“Firms that have a good [public sector] pedigree, a good story to tell in terms of pro bono work and culture, and represent value for money – that’s the focus of the refresh of the panel, particularly when you look at some of the areas top-tier firms aren’t represented in,” he said.

Corrs Chambers Westgarth, King & Wood Mallesons and Minter Ellison were all excluded from the panel to varying degrees in August, in a change that has triggered movement among government specialists across firms.

Holding Redlich was appointed to all divisions of the panel.

Your taxes at work – for those who have a good story to tell.  “Baa, baa black sheep….’.

Tom Hughes – Reminiscences

As I remarked to colleagues, I was told I was introduced to Dixon as a child.  I recall both my meetings with Lord Denning.  But Tom Hughes was the most towering presence I have known.  And he was so graceful to me as his junior counsel or instructing solicitor.

His kind is no more.

It is all very sad.

I set out below two extracts from my memoire, Confessions of a Barrister.

*

In the ‘90’s, some of us would get to look back on some aspects of what were always called the ‘excesses’ of the ‘80’s with something like fondness.  Corporate litigation, especially takeovers’ litigation, since then in substance abolished, was very good for Melbourne’s private schools.  That litigation saw a lot of fees to lawyers pay for their kids’ education, and the boards or committees of St Cath’s and Melbourne Grammar should have been duly grateful – even if some of their members or their friends got sued as part of the melee.  The biggest takeover spawned the biggest takeover litigation and it became the biggest show in town. 

The battle for BHP, one of the biggest if not the biggest companies in Australia, led to litigation that was more financially consequential and emotionally fraught than any I have been in.  Hinch attracted huge publicity, but it was like a quiet stroll along a country lane compared to the battle for BHP.  It was as if the whole Melbourne Establishment saw itself as being on trial, and it responded like a tiger snake that a bush walker had accidentally stumbled on.

Robert Holmes a Court was intent on taking over BHP.  He was from W A, and not an establishment figure.  He was not trusted here – he was loathed.  Neither fact affected him.  He had the sharpest mind and coldest heart of any businessmen that I have acted for.  BHP was attacking him in court, and with some success.  The judge was Ken Marks, and he did not appear to have much time for the pursuer.  Arthur Robinson instructed Steve Charles and Ray Finkelstein.  Blakes were acting for Holmes a Court, through my friend Geoff Hone, who I think had instructed Alan Goldberg.  Holmes a Court got sick of being on the defensive.  He wanted to go on to the attack, and he instructed different lawyers to do just that.

Shortly before Easter 1986, Robert Heathcote, a mate at Arnold Bloch Leibler, and probably Melbourne’s leading commercial litigation solicitor, rang me.  He asked me if I could drop everything and devote Easter to preparing to attack BHP.  I agreed, and went down to Discurio to buy some Thelonious Monk and Charlie Mingus, so that the Easter would not go entirely unmarked.  I think that the rest of the team was not yet settled, but the great Tom Hughes of Sydney was a certain starter. 

Tom was from Sydney and was unquestionably Australia’s leading silk.  (He had been Attorney – General for the Commonwealth in the ‘60’s.)  I had not appeared with or against Tom, but I was in awe of his reputation.  In that teachers’ libel action that I mentioned, Bill Gillard had just fought a case against Tom, and Bill could not stop talking about it!  He could not get over the power of Tom’s gaze.  (I think that this was about the time Tom had appeared for a footballer who was affronted that the press had carried a photo of him which highlighted his penis and made him look stupid.  The journalist told Tom he or she had not thought much about that part of the image, which led Tom to ask: ‘What did you think it might be – a duck?’)  The days after Easter promised to choc-full of action.

I put in over seventy hours over Easter, and Diana [secretary] and I came up with detailed advice and a draft statement of claim against the BHP directors.  I will not go into detail, but if a shareholder complains that the directors have failed the company, the proper plaintiff should be the company, and you have to steer around this.  As I recall, our case was that the directors were more worried about their jobs than the value of the shares.  The first writ issued.  It would take a big book to describe a short war, but I will mention aspects that reveal something of the lawyers.

We were with the client at the other end of Collins Street – Tom Hughes, Ron Merkel, Robert Heathcote and I – when a young lawyer with his shining schoolboy face chose to call to serve a couple of writs.  They were flowing around like confetti.  Protocol dictated that you ask the solicitors whether they will accept service.  I am not sure why that did not happen here, but when this man’s arrival was announced, Holmes a Court said quietly to his staff: ‘Lock him up.’  He took the view that this man was trespassing and that he could effect a citizen’s arrest.  Well, after some strained time, Tom advised Robert to get Robert Heathcote to accept service.  Tom said this kind of thing might not look too good.  Copies were made of the writ and we leafed through them under this glorious show of aboriginal art. 

Holmes a Court went first.  ‘You go to the movies.  There is a good director.  Anthony Hopkins and Helen Mirren.  Then you start the movie and it’s a flop.  Here you have the Queen, the Chief Justice.  Even God gets a go.  Then you look inside and it is a flop.’  He really was that cool.  I realised later how he nearly drove Geoff Hone mad.  You had no way of predicting him, and precious little chance of restraining him.

Ron Merkel and I were sent to ask Ken Marks to step aside because of adverse remarks that he had made about our man.  Under the modern practice, judges in control of lists have tended to get down into the arena much more often than would have been considered proper in the time of Tom Smith.  Ken Marks was a very voluble man on the bench.  You were not left wondering for long what might be in his mind.  I think he may have called our bloke ‘a paper shuffler’. 

Anyway, Merkel made the application, and the reception was as frosty as what we were getting at the bar table.  We were feeling like barbarians at the gates of Rome.  Then the judge said, with some heat on this occasion: ‘How do you know what happened, Mr Merkel?  You were not even there.’  Muffled cheers from the home team.  To his eternal credit, Merkel looked Ken straight in the eye and said: ‘We are in as good a position to know what went on as the Full Court will be.’

We were making an application to a court of law based on evidence, and the rules of court.  In the course of his reply, Steve Charles referred to The Age that morning.  It was not in evidence.  Before we could get our objection out, the judge said: ‘I was wondering when someone was going to raise that.’  Merkel might be the most unfazeable advocate I have seen, but he said to me that morning that there was something very bad about the atmosphere in that court.  Once again, the system was showing faults under stress.  That kind of exchange would have been unthinkable in front of someone like Tom Smith.  We have to be careful that a loss of formality does not become something worse.

Holmes a Court was asked by the press what he thought of his opposite number, the CEO of BHP, one of our defendants.  He said that Loton was ‘basically honest.’  What happens when you step outside the ‘basic’ bit?  Tom Hughes took Holmes a Court to dinner at the Melbourne Club.  The Yiddish word is chutzpah.

Holmes a Court told us to sue BHP for misleading conduct.  It was not without its problems, but it was worth a go.  We applied for an injunction and it came on before Reggie Smithers, a judge of whom I was very fond.  (Peter Rashleigh and I had won a case before him – for a landlord!)  Tom wrote out in longhand a note of his argument.  He said to me that ‘I think I will tell his Honour that the big Australian had become a victim of its own stubborn pride.’  He said he would get me to read the affidavits, but I said that the judge would want to hear from him.  (As would the press!) 

So, there I was at last, watching the great man in action.  He is beyond question the most imposing advocate I have ever seen.  It was a real privilege to be there.  Sadly, over lunchtime, Cliff [Pannam] persuaded them to stop the flow of blood and give us an undertaking.  I think that BHP won at the trial, but this was little more than a feint by the cavalry.

I mentioned that Tom Hughes made a long hand note of his argument.  Daryl Dawson had taught me to do the same.  It is a way of testing your own intellectual honesty – you look to see the breaks or weak points in the reasoning.  You cannot just hide behind a cloud.  Michael Black had the same view.  Peter Buchanan insisted on writing out his pleadings.  Computers have a lot to answer for.  I pass this on as a tip, and a good one.

Finally, I mention an incident that happened, I think, after I had gone back to Blakes.  There were lawyers milling around someone’s chambers including Alan Goldberg, Frank Callaway, and sometimes Geoff Nettle (still a junior).  Robert Heathcote came in in some slight agitation.  One of our (Holmes a Court’s) brokers had received in error the details of what may have been referred to as John Elliott’s battle plan for his defence of BHP.  It was something that Holmes a Court would dearly like to see, but could he make use of confidential material sent by mistake? 

We wondered and pondered.  Frank Callaway delivered a lecture on Lord Cairns’ Act.  It was brilliant and irrelevant.  Then Tom came in – Senior Counsel.  ‘Simple.  Send it straight back.  Or man’s credit would not survive.’  ‘Thanks, Tom.  Will you tell Robert?’  ‘No one need tell Robert anything.  We cannot advise the broker.  Send him off to a competent silk.  If his advice cuts across mine, ask him to get in touch.’  There you have the authority and wisdom of experience.  It was an immense thrill to have worked with Tom Hughes.

The matter settled.  I, and I suspect Geoff Hone thought that the deal was illegal, but the parties were exhausted, and a blind eye may have been turned on those lying back and thinking of Australia.  Neil Young spent days documenting the deal.  The consequences of his intervention would come back to haunt John Elliott and me, but by then I had moved on.

*

Although this memoir is about the law, I have so far avoided citing authority.  Perhaps I may be forgiven one citation so near to the end.  It is from a priceless little monograph by Professor Harry Frankfurt of Princeton University On Bullshit.  The professor said: ‘Bullshit is unavoidable wherever circumstances require someone to talk without knowing what he is talking about.’   Since I have referred to politicians, I may add that Professor Frankfurt cites a remark that is the credo of politicians: ‘Never tell a lie when you can bullshit your way through.’  And since it may be objected that I have taken objection to things done in all sincerity, I may say that Professor Frankfurt also says at the very end of this little book, ‘Our natures are, indeed, elusively insubstantial – notoriously less stable and less inherent than the natures of other things.  And insofar as this is the case, sincerity itself is bullshit.’

But enough of my grouching.  Lists are at best inconclusive pub games, but here goes.  My worst mistake?  Entering the court of the Rocket [Crockett] arse-first.  My most corroding moment?  Being pulled up by Ginger [Southwell] and my client’s being denied justice.  My most gratifying moment?  Repelling the dark raider at the gates of the co-op [Pivot].  My proudest moment?  Being invited to a living wake by a dying man whom I had dealt with adversely [UFU].   Toughest fighter?  Alan Cornell (with apologies to Jack Hedigan).  Luckiest lawyer?  Lucky Jim [Saunders, English law clerk at Blakes] (he being promoted to our professional rank for this purpose).  Best lawyer?  Allen Stewart and Brian Shaw.  (This is the only joint award – if you think that politics might be involved, you are dead right.  I have not straddled this profession for forty years without learning some self-defence.)  Best judge?  Tom Smith.  Best equity lawyer?  Jim Merralls.  Best commercial counsel?  Alan Archibald or Geoff Nettle.  Best advocate before a jury?  Jeff Sher.  Most imposing lawyer?  Tom Hughes.  Lawyer I would go to if my life or my house were on the line?  Neil McPhee. Best judgment? Brown v School Board of Education (the school bus case in the U S).

Macaulay on Shakespeare

Macaulay was rarely shy about hoisting his standard.

Perhaps no person can be a poet, or can even enjoy poetry, without a certain unsoundness of mind…. By poetry we mean the art of employing words in such a manner as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the art of doing by means of words what the painter does by means of colours.  (You will see Debussy put beside Impressionist painters like Monet for a similar analogy.) …. Truth indeed is essential to poetry.  The reasonings are just; but the premises are false.  (I do not follow that.)

…. it is the constant manner of Shakespeare to represent the human mind as lying, not under the absolute dominion of one despotic propensity, but under a mixed government, in which a hundred powers balance each other.  Admirable as he was in all parts of his art, we most admire him for this, that while he has left us a greater number of striking portraits than all other dramatists put together, he has scarcely left us a single caricature.

That is a useful reminder not to apply labels to any of the output of this genius.

But it is not by speeches of self-analysis, however great they may be in force and spirit, that the great masters of human nature have portrayed human beings…Shakespeare never tells us that in the mind of Iago, everything that is beautiful and endearing was associated with some filthy and debasing idea.

That looks spot on about Iago – and John Claggart in Billy Budd.

Macaulay did of course have notorious prejudices – against, say, Marlborough and Penn.  (He got himself tied up in knots over Glencoe because his pin-up boy, William of Orange, signed the warrant.) 

And he could show his prejudices in discussing letters, as in this pearler:

The conversation between Brutus and Cassius in the First Act of Julius Caesar is worth the whole French drama ten times over, while the working up of Brutus by Cassius, the stirring of the mob by Antony, and – above all – the dispute and reconciliation of the two generals, are things far beyond the reach of any other poet that ever lived.

Whoa!  Steady, Tom.  That is just the kind of thing that made de Gaulle so hard to handle.

And your reference to reconciliation may have suited the Victorian epoch, but the parts you first mention are immediately followed by the scene where the inflamed mob massacres an innocent poet, and then there is the scene where the not so innocent conspirators settle their hit lists.  I know of no more gripping theatre on our stage.  It is simply breathtaking.